Ethical Principles in Research
1. Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects?
- Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks
Explanation:
The principle of beneficence in research is an ethical guideline that emphasizes the obligation to promote the well-being of individuals participating in a study. It involves a commitment to doing no harm, maximizing benefits, and minimizing risks to human subjects. In the context of the provided answer, “Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks” exemplifies the application of the principle of beneficence.
This means that when designing a research study involving human subjects, researchers need to carefully assess and ensure that the potential benefits derived from the study outweigh any potential risks to participants. It involves a thoughtful consideration of the potential positive outcomes for individuals participating in the research, such as the acquisition of new knowledge, improved interventions, or advancements in a particular field.
Simultaneously, researchers must take measures to minimize any potential risks or harm that participants might encounter during the study. This could involve implementing safety protocols, informed consent procedures, and ongoing monitoring to protect the well-being and rights of the individuals involved.
2. The principle of beneficence includes the obligation of researchers to strive to do no harm and to maximize benefits and minimize harms.
“Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being” (The National Commission 1979). The principle of beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects by determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks. Providing detailed information during consent and ensuring persons with diminished autonomy are protected would be examples of applying the principle of respect for persons. Ensuring the selection of subjects is equitable is an example of applying the principle of justice.
Explanation:
The passage underscores the multifaceted nature of the principle of beneficence within the ethical framework of research involving human subjects. It articulates that beneficence goes beyond merely avoiding harm; it involves actively striving to enhance the well-being of individuals participating in a study. The National Commission’s statement is quoted to emphasize that ethical treatment involves not only respecting individuals’ decisions and shielding them from harm but also proactively working towards securing their overall well-being.
The application of the beneficence principle in a study is then highlighted by the phrase “maximization of benefits and minimization of risks.” This indicates that researchers have a responsibility to structure their studies in a way that optimizes the positive outcomes for participants while minimizing any potential negative consequences or harms. It emphasizes the need for a thoughtful balance between the benefits and risks associated with the research.
Furthermore, the passage briefly touches upon the interconnectedness of ethical principles in research. It mentions that respecting individuals’ autonomy and providing detailed information during the consent process are examples of applying the principle of respect for persons. Similarly, ensuring the equitable selection of subjects is noted as an example of applying the principle of justice.
3. The Belmont Report’s principle of respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that:
- Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
Explanation: The principle of respect for persons in the Belmont Report includes treating individuals as autonomous agents and recognizing that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. This principle ensures that individuals, regardless of their level of autonomy, are treated ethically and are entitled to protection when participating in research.
4. Which of the following are the three principles discussed in the Belmont Report?
- Respect for Persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
Explanation: The Belmont Report outlines three fundamental ethical principles in research: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice. These principles provide a framework for ethical conduct in human subjects research, emphasizing autonomy, well-being, and fairness in the treatment of research participants.